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Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714)〔All dates in this article are in the Old Style Julian calendar used in Great Britain throughout Anne's lifetime, except that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year.〕 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne. His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charles's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. Anne's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Anne's elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary's accession and they became estranged. William and Mary had no children. After Mary's death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702. As queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office. Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life. From her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover, who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth, a daughter of James VI and I. ==Early life== Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at St James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter of James, Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde.〔Curtis, pp. 12–17; Gregg, p. 4〕 Her father was the younger brother of King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St James's, her older sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Gilbert Sheldon.〔Gregg, p. 4〕 The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive into adulthood.〔Green, p. 17; Gregg, p. 6; Waller, pp. 293–295〕 As a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as "defluxion". For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her paternal grandmother, Queen Henrietta Maria, at the Château de Colombes near Paris.〔Curtis, pp. 19–21; Green, p. 20; Gregg, p. 6〕 Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans. On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year.〔Curtis, pp. 21–23; Gregg, p. 8; Somerset, pp. 11–13; Waller, p. 295〕 As was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London.〔Gregg, p. 5〕 On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants.〔Curtis, pp. 23–24; Gregg, p. 13; Somerset, p. 20〕 Placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers,〔Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 5〕 their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church.〔Curtis, p. 28; Gregg, p. 13; Waller, p. 296〕 Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Anne's preceptor.〔Somerset, p. 20〕 Around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors.〔Curtis, p. 27; Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 28〕 Jennings married John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough) in about 1678. His sister, Arabella Churchill, was the Duke of York's mistress, and he was to be Anne's most important general.〔Curtis, p. 34; Green, p. 29; Gregg, p. 28〕 In 1673, the Duke of York's conversion to Roman Catholicism became public, and he married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, who was only six and a half years older than Anne. Charles II had no legitimate children, and so the Duke of York was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne. Over the next ten years, the new Duchess of York had ten children, but all were either stillborn or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father.〔Weir, pp. 260–261〕 There is every indication that, throughout Anne's early life, she and her stepmother got on well together,〔Somerset, pp. 22–23〕 and the Duke of York was a conscientious and loving father.〔Somerset, pp. 8–9〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anne, Queen of Great Britain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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